(You may not necessarily be requested to fill in all issue but for your interested fields.)
| Concentration & Location | See attached Fig.1 after the governmental White Paper. |
| Source | Power stations, oil refineries, other factories. |
| Environmental Standard | Equal or less than 0.04ppm for daily mean of 1
hourly
value, and not exceed 0.1 ppm for hourly value. |
b. Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
| Concentration & Location | See Fig. 2(a) & (b) |
| Source | 60 - 70 % by mobile sources and 30 - 40 % by
fixed sources
such as industrial facilities, powerstations, and houses. |
| Environmental Standard | Within a zone between 0.04ppm to 0.06ppm or
less for
daily mean of hourly values. |
c. Dust Fall:
| Concentration & Location | |
| Source | Vehicles particulary diesel cars, factories, natural source. |
| Environmental Standard | Not defined. |
d. Suspended Particulate Materials(SPM):
| Concentration & Location | See Fig. 3 |
| Source | Vehicles, fixed sources, natural sources. |
| Environmental Standard | Equal or less than 0.10mg/m3 for daily mean of hourly values, and equal or less than 0.20mg/m3 for hourly value. |
e. Hydrocarbons (H/C):
| Concentration & Location | See Fig. |
| Source | Oil refineries, gas stations, and so forth. |
| Environmental Standard | Not defined |
f. Photochemical Oxidants (Ox):
| Concentration & Location | See Fig. 4. |
| Source | Products by reaction of Nox and H/C in the atmosphere. |
| Environmental Standard | Equal or less than 0.06ppm for hourly value. |
| Target | Equal or less than 0.06ppm for hourly value,
and
NMHC’S concentration must be within a zone between 0.20 - 0.-031ppmC or less in 6 to 9 in the morning. |
g. Others (specify): Offensive order
| Concentration & Location | |
| Source | |
| Environmental Standard | The most inhabitants must not feel in their ordinary life. |
| Human Health | For instance, about 100 thousand patients
affected by air
pollution are now certificated as victims by the government. People had been severely attacked by Sulfer oxides and soot in 1960 to the early part of 1970’s, and suffered from respiratory disease. Now a large number of urban people, interalia children , old or sickly people are affected by nitrogen oxides(NOx) and SPM (see Fig. 5 - Distribution of certificated patients as air pollution victims). |
| Ecology | Of course, air pollution impact on ecology as
well as human
health in Japan. But it is not neccesarily simple to define the effect of air pollution this country since he launched rapid economic growth. |
| Economic Activities | Companies themselves can not escape from
environmental
degradation in their activities. |
| Government | The Vehicles Emission Control Law is legilated
focused on Tokyo,
Kanagawa and Osaka-Kobe that aims to achieve the national environmental standard for NO2 (less than 0.06ppm) by 2000. But national and local governments fail to establish effective and concrete program to realize the target. Neverthless the Ministry of Construction plan to construct 15,000km of traffic roads that make every car move in 24 hours from any point to any point in Japan. |
| Business | |
| Academic | |
| People |
a. Acid precipitation(see Fig. 6)
Acid rain , snow and fog are generated from domestic source as well as by the upwind area such as China and Korea. Fortunately Japan may not be accused from
downwind countries because of the Pacific.
The pH of rain in urban area does not seem low for basic ion such as ammonium.
Conifers is considered to be damaged with acid fog.
[However this chapter should be inspected for AnnexⅠparties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change intensively, information for developing countries must be useful to establish policy to cope with climate change.]
(unit : tonnage/year)
|
GHGs
|
Basic Year
1990 |
Prediction in
Business-as-Usual(BaU) 2000 |
| CO2(Gg-CO2) | ||
| Energy | ||
| Combustion of fossil fuel | 1057,000 | 1,100,000 |
| (energy convert) | 82,000 | |
| (industry) | 489,000 | |
| (public welfare-business) | 123,000 | |
| (public welfare-livelihood) | 139,000 | |
| (transport) | 215,000 | |
| (others) | 5,000 | |
| (error) | 4,000 | |
| Combustion of non-fossil | 18,000 | |
| Industrial Process | 53,000 | 50,000 |
| Waste | 45,000 | 50,000 |
| TOTAL | 11,73,000 | 1,200,000 |
| CH4 (Gg-CH4) | ||
| Combustion | 25 | 120 |
| Coal mining | 100 | |
| Agriculture & Livestocks | 787 | 890 |
| Waste | 465 | 140 |
| TOTAL | 1,380 | 1,150 |
| N2O (Gg-N2O) | ||
| Energy(combustion) | 22 | 25 |
| Industrial process | 15 | 15 |
| Agriculture | 5 | 5 |
| Waste | 6 | 7 |
| TOTAL | 48 | 52 |
(See The Communication by the Government of Japan to the UN)
| Temperature | After the simulation by Meteorological Research
Institute of
Japan Meteorological Agency, temperature rise around the Sea of Okhotsk will be remarkable and comparable with the polar region. (See Fig. 7(a) & (b)) |
| Precipitation &
Floods |
Generally speaking, total precipitation will
increase not by
drizzling but shower that may cause concentrated torrential rain and flood frequently also in Japan. |
| Drought &
Desertification |
However the warmest summer in 1994 and 1995 can
not be
defined as an impact of global warming, we faced severe shortage of water for drinking and agriculture but for regions of traditional irrigation. |
| Sea Level’s Rise
& Coastal Area |
Major cities in Japan, such as Tokyo, Osaka,
Nagoya, and so on ,
are sited in the low land. In those areas, millions of people live and work who are not rather richer people in this country. Industrial facilities built on the reclaimed sites may be affected, but they may be capable to billion dollars’ investment will be required to reinforce the tide embarkments whole over Japan through the 21st century. |
| Ecosystem(land) | |
| Ecosystem
(aquatic) |
|
| Diseases & Pests | |
| Others |
(See the proposals by PF2001 and CASA)